What Is Bitcoin - 969 Words

It was announced earlier this month that Uruguay is setting up a plan to try to implement the use of digital currency as a form of doing business throughout the country that is not Bitcoin. The plan is set to last over a 6 month period and all users have to do is download an application on their phone from epeso.com.uy and will be able to access their digital wallet from there. Uruguay’s Central Bank that is heading this trial run hopes the digital currency will help on cutting down on expenses associated with printing and distributing the current money being used (Uruguay to Launch Digital Currency, â€Å"Not Bitcoin† it Stresses, 2017). Another notable current event that has taken place in Uruguay is the legalization of marijuana. This past†¦show more content†¦Uruguay exported 5.64 billion dollars and imported 8.08 billion dollars in 2016, with the biggest export being Frozen Bovine Meat and rice coming in at the second most export. Crude petroleum was the greatest import for the country and electric generating sets being the second most import. Uruguay’s neighboring country, Brazil, is the country’s number 1 export partner, though it has other countries such as China, Untied States, Argentina, and the Netherlands that it also exports to. Not only is Brazil the number 1 exporter for Uruguay, it also serves as its number import partner accounting for $2.74 billion. Other major importers for the country include Argentina, United States, China, and Germany (OEC-Uruguay). Uruguay’s Beef exports for 2018 are projected to be 420,000 tons cwe (carcass weight equivalent) which is smaller than what was projected in 2017 due to a forecast of a smaller beef supply. This past June, Uruguay had a total of $762 million of beef exported, of the total exported, China received just over half of the total shipments and is expected to be Uruguay’s main market for beef export again in 2018. Along with China, the EU and the Uni ted States are Uruguay’s other top trading partners. The majority of exports that Uruguay sends to the United States is chemical lean trimmings and the export relationship between is predicted to stay stable. The free on board prices thatShow MoreRelatedWhat is Bitcoin? Is it the Cash of the Future?1387 Words   |  6 PagesBitcoin is a digital currency, similar to cash due to the fact it is instant, however, is not managed or controlled by a central government or organization. Instead, the network is run on thousands of independent user’s computers. None of these computers have more control over the network than any other computer. The network that Bitcoin was founded upon is based on 40 years of research in cryptography and over 20 years of research in cryptocurrencies; by thousands of researches around the worldRead MoreDigital Currency: What is Bitcoin? Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Throughout this Bitcoin: A History; what is bitcoin? To start off primarily, Bitcoin is a digital currency as opposed to physical currency that we’re accustomed to and use in our daily life. Straight off their site, Bitcoin is described as a pseudo-anonymous, P2P technology operating with no central authority or banks, it’s open-source, public, owned by no one and open for everybody to take part; but what does that all mean? â€Å"Bitcoin is the leader in a new generation of emergingRead MoreThe Invisible Coin Introduction Summary Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesmainstream world, Bitcoin, a virtual decentralized currency, has fully-fledged in both its status and in its use. Despite this, there still endures a relative lack of economic exploration in academia about this innovative economic phenomenon. Bitcoin is an online currency that does not require a bank account, credit card or any personal information. Bitcoin stays clear of the roads that are â€Å"most travelled†; the catch though is you’re no longer backed by any government. Bitcoin doesn’t have a centralRead MoreTechnological Saga in the World of Online ARPANET1275 Words   |  5 Pagesonline monetary exchange (digital currency) called the BITCOIN. The idea of no physical currency, easy leisurely tramway of cash with no holds barred wallet size gave BITCOIN the demeanor of futurity which will acquire the gamut of space in everyone’s life. But not every internet excogitation initiates with good recognition, instead of being used for baby toys purchases, ornaments or trading into algorithms of Wall Street this poor chap (bitcoin) fell into likes of Cosa Nostra, Chechen and was believedRead MoreUnited States Dollar and Currency Essay621 Words   |  3 Pages1.  Ã‚   International Business Issue - Can Bitcoin be a stable currency for international business? Definition, Application, and Prospection 1)What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin is an open source peer-to-peer payment network and digital currency introduced in 2009. It is the first decentralized digital currency. It is the digital coin that you can send through the internet. Compare to other alternatives, Bitcoins have a number of advantages. Bitconins are transferred directly from person to personRead MoreWhy It’s Time to Embrace Bitcoin a Digital Currency System1613 Words   |  6 PagesWhy It’s Time to Embrace Bitcoin An analytical argument of the socioeconomic benefits of the digital currency Bitcoin is a fully decentralized virtual currency system. This fascinating new model of commerce has recently spawned a lively public debate regarding the inherent risks and merits of the system. It is the position of this paper that Bitcoin is favourable to fiat currencies for cashless payments due to Bitcoin’s numerous socioeconomic benefits. It is globally accessible; allowing any businessRead MoreGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles ( Gaap ) And Financial Accounting Standards Board953 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognize revenue. However, what happens when GAAP guidance is not sufficient or non-existent in its interpretations of gray areas? Here lies the question that accountants and the crypto-currency community of bitcoin has requested answers too for the last few years. After the release of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax notice 2014-21 FASB finally responded to the bitcoin community. According FASB, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting (OCBOA) should be used and b itcoin or other virtual currenciesRead MoreThe article is about how there should be insurance for people that own Bitcoins. The article700 Words   |  3 Pagesshould be insurance for people that own Bitcoins. The article mentions Ryan Selkis who is a journalist as well as a owner of an insurance company known as Inscrypto which assist people in securing Bitcoins. At the moment Selkis couldn’t go into detail about his company being that he is involved in covering the lost Bitcoin’s at MT Gox. Selkis obtained a report that is considered to be evidence about MT Gox a company that dominant and well known within the Bitcoin exchange market going bankrupt. The reasonRead MoreEssay On Cloud Mining941 Words   |  4 PagesBest Bitcoin Cloud Mining Review 2018 Cloud mining is a cool activity to engage in to earn extra income and a fun way to obtain cryptocurrencies. You must do due diligence before you sign up to any cloud mining services as there are lots of scam available online. If you desire to do bitcoin mining, get all the information you can to find out the best and most trusted cloud mining sites to engage. Here is our review of the best Bitcoin cloud mining 2018: What is Cloud Mining? Cloud Mining or cloudRead MoreBitcoins1208 Words   |  5 Pagespayments. Bitcoin is a type of alternative currency known as a cryptocurrency and it uses cryptography for security, making it difficult to counterfeit. Bitcoin issuance and transactions are carried out collectively by the network, with no central authority. The total number of Bitcoins that will be issued is capped at 21 million to ensure they are not devalued by limitless supply. They are divisible to 8 decimal places; Bitcoin fractions are called satoshis. Users store their Bitcoins in a digital

Overpopulation in China Free Essays

The population of the world today is increasing greatly each day. For years now, China’s population has been over one billion and just recently a family in India gave birth to the one-billionth child. The estimated birth per day in India is an overwhelming 42,000 births. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now At this rate, there will not be enough land for inhabitants to live and survive in. Over-population causes many difficulties, for example China faces many problems such as crowded living arrangements. Some families do not even have enough income to feed their children a proper meal. The amount of people not only affects the families but also the country itself. For instance, for the amount of people, there may not be enough jobs. Proper health care may not be provided, because there are just too many people, which may cause a lot of health problems. A child’s education is also at risk because there will be too many students in one classroom for one teacher to teach. Also, some countries may experience a shortage in food because there may be such a great demand for it that the country itself may not be able to provide the food in the amounts that are needed. Over population also causes less serious problems, things such as crowed sidewalks and streets. Too many cars on the road would also cause the problem of pollution. These everyday hassles would cause a person much frustration and undue stress, which could be avoided if the population was not too great. Suggestions have been made to decrease this problem, theories have been studied and yet implementation of these objectives have not been properly sought through. Although, there are two very good suggestions for this problem which include, the government passing a law that only allows a family to have two children and no more, a law such as this one has already been introduced in China. This may not seem fair but in countries such as these, it is necessary, to avoid such problems. The other is as simple as sex education. This solution may seem worthless, but would slowly show results. If solutions such as these were used in countries for instance, like China and India, from the beginning, then the problem of population would not even be an issue today. As stated above, the government intervening on this problem and allowing a family only a certain amount of children is an excellent solution. Having a limit on how many children a family is allowed to have is a great way to control the problem in the hopes of decreasing the problem of over population. In order to make certain that families do not go over the limit, the government should do yearly checks on the families. This would consist of a member of the government looking in the family files and seeing how many people are situated in a family. If a family exceeds the limit of two children, then the parents should be responsible in paying a fine or paying more taxes yearly. If the family exceeds the limit of two children, but the child is not born yet or is a new born the parents should have the choice of giving up the child to a couple that is unable to get pregnant with the certainty that the child will know who his or her biological parents are and be allowed to have contact with them if they wish to do so. If the parents do not agree with the first option then, the other choice they have is to pay more taxes each year. This way, only the families that can afford more then two children will be able to have bigger families. Having this law implemented not only decreases the problem of over population, but gives the children a better quality of life. Parents will take on more responsibility knowing what they will face such as an increase in their taxes or get fines if they exceed the limit of children the government has allowed them. It may not seem fair that the government be allowed to have this kind of control, but in such extreme cases it is needed so that the problem does not get too far out of hand. The world already has two countries that have a population of over one billion and there are probably other countries that are over populated when compared to the amount of land that they have, that is why it is necessary to have a law such as this one being practiced by such countries who need it to avoid all the other problems that can occur. This next suggestion of sex education may sound like such a simple solution, because in North America it is taught to every student, but other countries may not teach it like its taught here and this may be a contributing factor to why population is becoming a bigger problem. Sex education is very important not only for the individuals protection against disease, but so that the person is aware of all the options that are available for birth control. If people were taught that it is alright to use birth control then maybe use of it would be practiced. There are so many different methods of birth control that one should not feel as though one specific technique makes him or her uncomfortable and therefore he or she will not use it. Sex is such a private subject that causes many people to feel uncomfortable discussing it, but if schools were to start teaching it along with teaching students abstinence at an early age, then, when the time comes for the individual to take some responsibility, he or she will not be embarrassed to do so. Doctors should also teach their patients the different types of birth control that are available for them to use and also make it easily accessible for the patients to get them, that way there is nothing holding an individual back from using them. Another way of informing people of birth control other than through schools and doctors is to have advertising, through television and radio, magazines, and billboard signs. That way people are facing the issue everyday and may realize that the use of birth control is not such a bad idea. People will grow to be more comfortable with the issue of sex and birth control and just maybe then the problem of over population will decrease and families will consists of less children which will also decrease the poverty level of that many families face. Even though a lot of people may not agree with the action that is taking place in order to correct over population, it must be done. Children are not living the quality of life that they should be living, they are not getting the proper meals and are therefore not as healthy and are malnourished, and their education is at risk because classrooms are getting crowed with too many children. The streets are too busy and cramped; cars on the road are causing more pollution. Controlling the population would decrease the amount of families that live in poverty because families that are able to afford more children would only have big families while the other families would have just two children and they would not be struggling to give their kids the proper quality of life. Although it seems as though the solution to the problem of over population is simple and that by the government passing laws or having the proper education for these people is just going to make the problem disappear, it will not. The process will be very long and results will not be seen so soon, this may cause a lot of anger in people because their lives are being changed so drastically and in some cases they may feel as though they are being asked to change their morals and also because no formal results will be seen so soon. Over population is just one problem, but in fact has a snowball effect and causes many more problems that have been stated above. If people were able to realize these problems and be willing to help out by taking birth control and not contribute to the problem that the world is facing today, then maybe one day over population would not be an problem any more and would just seem like issue that was dealt with. How to cite Overpopulation in China, Papers

What is real true and good free essay sample

What is real true and good BY Superstores What is Real,True,and Good What Is the meaning of real,true,and good? The answer may seem rather simple, but there Is no single answer. When thinking more In depth, I discovered that there Is more to It and a single answer will not suffice. Although In the dictionary these three words have different distinct deflations, they have deeper meaning, for example, the meaning of good is not just good vs. evil, true is not only true and false, and real is not only revolved around what is supernatural and in the physical world. In addition, each word holds numerous different meanings. Through different perspectives, it then provided me with a broad understanding of each word. Although many would think that each word only had a basic definition, real, true and good turned out to have a more in depth meaning versus what is defined by books in todays society. The perception of good is varied through what way someone is looking at it. Whether It be someone behavior, the feeling, or to do good It all represents something positive. As a child, being told to be good was a reflection on my behavior.Good behavior In my family as a child was always Important. When visiting a family or a friends house, good behavior from me was always expected by my mother. Good behavior was to be mannerly, and to not disturb dinner. Bad behavior was immensely frowned upon in my family and brought multiple consequences. Very often when I was younger being told I was a good listener was a reflection not only on my behavior, but a reflection on the positive way I followed directions. To feel good is a very positive feeling.Good is a feeling that is achieved through various things like: reaching a personal goal, making others happy, or receiving positive news. Also, to feel good may be brought on from doing good. To do good is to be selfless in a way that you do acts of kindness in order to help others. To reach the warm and positive feeling of selflessness, many will donate their time or money to a charity, or shelter. Creating and reaching a personal goal will fill oneself with a good feeling. For example, a recent goal I set for myself was to Improve my performance In school.With hard work, and dedication I was able to reach that goal. Reaching that goal, I was delighted in feeling a great relief and accomplishment that I had set my mind to meeting, and did well. Good is not only based off of the morals or behavior, good can also be found in the quality of something. For example, I see myself as good in history. As to someone else, history isnt their strong point. However, they could be good at baseball. For something to be real does not always mean that it has to be right in front of ones face.Childrens imaginations through seeing deferent cartoons and playing different video games creates a sense of realness to the various characters featured in these types of media. Although these characters from cartoons and video games re not physically real, It Is real in the way that someone created them to entertain others. As many view the Imagination that kids have childish and thought to be Just and take themselves, or others to who they arent. To what is real later on in life gets confused with who and what adults imagine themselves to be.Not only who they are, but how one can act. Many young and aged adults can act real, or act fake. To act real is to be honest with others and their self. On the other hand, to be fake is to lie and have a guilty conscience. Through different religions, presents different gods. Whether one is Catholic, Jewish, Muslim or Atheist, a different god is worshipped. Within each religion, the realness of other religions gods are non existent to them. Their focus is mainly upon their own god, and that is only what is real to them.However, Atheists do not see any time of religion or god as real. The realness of these various practices are made up in the eyes of atheists. Although none of the gods that are worshipped walk the streets of the known world, the realness of them is carried through the followers eyes and are seen through different scriptures in the Bible, Quern, or the Torah. True facts, true statements, and true accusations are all a result on what information is used to back it up. Also, one can be truthful in the way they tell information to others. In some cases, being truthful in sharing information is very important. For example, within court cases, defendants and plaintiffs are sworn to the bible to completely truthful and not to lie during their trial. This is very important so that false accusations are not made against the wrong person. In certain situations, lying and not being truthful is not as important as it is in the court cases. For example, if a surprise party is being planned, the person who is being surprised will need to be lied to. Being truthful and real, as it ties in with one another is important.Being true with yourself is needed to live a healthy life. If one is not true with oneself, it will create a false type of lifestyle. For example, if one truly wants to believe that they arena an alcoholic, but finds themselves always having to buy more alcohol, and not even remembering what its like to be sober, they are lying to themselves. Through experiencing these different red flags, they would need to be rue to themselves and get help. These signs are what would show that being true to themselves isnt what kind of lifestyle they are living.Not only is the importance of being true to yourself, being true to others is the key to happiness. However in certain situations people have success when they are not being truthful. One of my favorite movies which is based on a true story titled Catch Me If You Can is abased on a man who forged checks all over the country and made a lot of money in the process. He impersonated lawyers, doctors, and even aircraft pilots. Since he was early Impossible to fine because of his multiple personalities he was invisible to the police, but as they say every man his his day.The man lied to many people around him even his wife who didnt even know who he was because he lied about his Job and his past. Before he was prosecuted, the man was rich,married, and successful in the sense that he had a lot of money. His career was based on lying and he enjoyed what he did. All people are created different, some people need to be true to themselves and others to be happy and some want success and are willing to do whatever it takes to be successful. With all this being said, in certain rare case scenarios, not being truthful will make you more successful. With being true to Lying will not only create problems, but will lead to no friends and broken relationships. As I have observed in my high school years, friends that lied to be or that were fake to me were not loyal enough to keep as a friend. What is actually true, and what is perceived to be true? Through past history, records or proof of important events are rediscovered, these events become historic. As fossils are discovered and more information is uncovered, the idea of how they once walked the earth is created. How do we know that these events are actually true?Nobody confidently does, but what is true is what scientist and philosophers create from the true and real information that they gather and then further build on. Although, the truth of the matter is that with what is discovered through time, more is able to be build off of that. The dictionary is not the only way words can defined. The dictionary can be crippling because it does not let us think about what words mean beyond the definition. Instead of thinking about what something means, we immediately look to get the answer. The word good can also mean to be a good person or to possess a talent.To be real is not only based on facts, but to be honest and genuine. To be true is not Just about being honest to people, but to also be honest with yourself. Although all three words may have different definitions, they all hold the same moral in my eyes and that is to be honest. To live a happy life We must be honest with ourselves and others, we must be good people while staying true to ourselves. Before simply looking up a word in the dictionary and writing down the definition, one must realize that there is more than meets the eyes.

Outline three factors that might explain western society’s attitude to death and dying free essay sample

The lack of openness and discussion about death and dying has adverse consequences: People may be unnecessarily frightened about the process of dying; Close relatives of people who are approaching the end of life may be unaware of their wishes and therefore how best to help and support them. This is particularly important for those who may lose the capacity to make their own decisions; Inappropriate interventions may be tried if those caring for someone are not aware of the person’s treatment preferences, including advance decisions to refuse treatment; People who would have wished their organs to be used for transplantation may not have discussed this with relatives who have to make decisions after their death; People may not have discussed funeral wishes with their relatives; People may die without writing a will; Same sex partners may not have declared their status, with the consequence that professionals may exclude them from involvement in their partner’s care; Fear of the unknown means that people sometimes tend to avoid those who are ill for fear of ‘upsetting them’ or ‘making them worse’; Lack of public and professional discussion about death and dying may be one of the reasons why this area has historically been given low priority by health and social care services; People, including clinical staff, are ignorant of the possible options that could improve quality of life and restore independence; Lack of knowledge of the financial implications for the bereaved following a death and what needs to be put in place ahead of the event; and Lack of public and professional discussion about grief and loss, which results in the isolation of the bereaved. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline three factors that might explain western society’s attitude to death and dying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page National and local action to promote public awareness and change attitudes about death and dying 2. 5 This strategy sets out the government’s intention to make end of life care a priority. However, government action alone cannot change attitudes towards death and dying, nor raise awareness of the issues involved. 2. 6 The general public, professionals, independent groups, voluntary sector and statutory organisations will need to work together in partnership to deliver improved awareness of the issues involved with end of life care and to change attitudes. This will require concerted action and progress will not be made overnight.

Language and Its Characteristics Essay Example

Language and Its Characteristics Essay Example Language and Its Characteristics Essay Language and Its Characteristics Essay Language is a means of forming and storing ideas as reflections of reality and exchanging them in the process of human intercourse. Language is social by nature; it is inseparably connected with the people who are its creators and users; it grows and develops together with the development of society. Language incorporates the three constituent parts (sides), each being inherent in it by virtue of its social nature. These parts are the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system. Only the unity of these three elements forms a language; without any one of them there is no human language in the above sense. The phonological system is the subfoundation of language; it determines the material (phonetical) appearance of its significant units. The lexical system is the whole set of naming means of language, that is, words and stable word-groups. The grammatical system is the whole set of regularities determining the combination of naming means in the formation of utterances as the embodiment of thinking process. Each of three constituent parts of language is studied by particular linguistic discipline. These disciplines presenting a series of approaches to their particular objects of analysis , give the corresponding descriptions of language consisting in ordered expositions of the constituent parts in question. Thus, the phonological description of language is effected by the science of phonology ; the lexical description of language is effected by the science of lexicology; the grammatical description of language is effected by the science of grammar. Now we are going to have a good look at each of these three disciplines. [Blokh,6] The first one is Phonology. The study of speech sounds is partitioned between two distinct but related disciplines, phonetic and phonology. Both terms come from the Greek word meaning sound, and there is a fair degree of overlap in what concerns the two subjects . Thus, the boundaries between phonetics and phonology are very difficult to draw, and there is a good deal of controversy amongst linguists as to exactly where they should lie. Despite the differences, it is clear that each of these subdisciplines relies on the other to a large extent , in the sense that phonological analyses have to be grounded in phonetic facts, and phonetic research has to be geared towards those capacities of the human vocal tract which subserve language specifically. Phonetics is essentially the study of the physical aspects of speech. This means the acoustic bases of speech (linked most closely with speech production). Thus, phonetic research might investigate the collection of frequencies of sound observed in the production of particular types of vowel, or it might examine the precise movements of the tongue in producing the sound s. Phonology is connected with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages Grammar . In earlier periods of the development of linguistic knowledge, grammatical scholars believed that the only purpose of grammar was to give strict rules of writing and speaking correctly. The rigid regulations for the correct ways of expression, for want of the profound understanding of the social nature of language, were often based on purely subjective and arbitrary judgements of individual grammar compilers. The result of this prescriptive approach was, that alongside of quite essential and useful information, non-existent rules were formulated that stood in sheer contradiction with the existing language usage, i. e. lingual reality. Traces of this arbitrary prescriptive approach to the grammatical teaching may easily be found even in to-dates school practice. The said traditional view of the purpose of grammar has lately been restated by some modern trends in linguistics. In particular, scholars belonging to these trends pay much attention to artificially constructing and analysing incorrect utterances with the aim of a better formulation of the rules for the construction of correct ones. The nature of grammar as a constituent part of language is better understood in the light of explicitly discriminating the two planes of language, namely, the plane of content and the plane of expression. . Modern linguistics lays a special stress on the systemic character of language and all its constituent parts. It accentuates the idea that language is a system of signs (meaningful units) which are closely interconnected and interdependent. Units of immediate interdependencies (such as classes and subclasses of words, various subtypes of syntactic constructions, etc. form different microsystems (subsystems) within the framework of the global macrosystem (supersystem) of the whole of language. Each system is a structured set of elements related to one another by a common function. The common function of all the lingual signs is to give expression to human thoughts. The systemic nature of grammar is probably more evident than that of any other sphere of language, since grammar is re sponsible for the very organisation of the informative content of utterances [БÐ »Ã ¾Ã'…, 4, 11 Ð ¸ Ã' Ã ». . Due to this fact, even the earliest grammatical treatises, within the cognitive limits of their times, disclosed some systemic features of the described material. But the scientifically sustained and consistent principles of systemic approach to language and its grammar were essentially developed in the linguistics of the twentieth century, namely, after the publication of the works by the Russian scholar Beaudoin de Courtenay and the Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure. These two great men demonstrated the difference between lingual synchrony (coexistence of lingual elements) and diachrony (different time-periods in the development of lingual elements, as well as language as a whole) and defined language as a synchronic system of meaningful elements at any stage of its historical can be strictly defined, which is of crucial importance for the identification of the object of linguistic science. Language in the narrow sense of the word is a system of means of expression, while speech in the same narrow sense should be understood as the manifestation of the system of language in the process of intercourse. The system of language includes, on the one hand, the body of material units - sounds, morphemes, words, word-groups; on the other hand, the regularities or rules of the use of these units. Speech comprises both the act of producing utterances, and the utterances themselves, i. e. the text. Language and speech are inseparable, they form together an organic unity. As for grammar (the grammatical system), being an integral part of the lingual macrosystem it dynamically connects language with speech, because it categorially determines the lingual process of utterance production. Thus, we have the broad philosophical concept of language which is analysed by linguistics into two different aspects - the system of signs (language proper) and the use of signs (speech proper). The generalising term language is also preserved in linguistics, showing the unity of these two aspects [БÐ »Ã ¾Ã'…, 16]. The sign (meaningful unit) in the system of language has only a potential meaning. In speech, the potential meaning of the lingual sign is actualised, i. e. made situationally significant as part of the grammatically organised text. Lingual units stand to one another in two fundamental types of relations: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string). E. g. : The spaceship was launched without the help of a booster rocket. In this sentence syntagmatically connected are the words and word-groups the spaceship, was launched, the spaceship was launched, was launched without the help, the help of a rocket, a booster rocket. . On the basis of discriminating synchrony and diachrony, the difference between language proper and speech proper

A Holistic Approach to Ambulatory Care

The use of technology is being adopted extensively in the healthcare field as funds increase due to policy changes, especially HITECH, and the need to implement electronic health records (EHR) is recognized. Promote consumer / patient access and participation in health care portals (Sackett, 2013). The use of technology will enable patients to track important health information. This may be useful to change the care of the primary care provider, which means that unnecessary attempts to provide a past medical history to the physician's clinic can be eliminated. This document describes the development of medical care in the outpatient clinical setting and the future direction, the explosive development of technology, the change in the payment pattern, the role of nursing staff, the challenges facing nursing professionals and the characteristics of outpatient experts I will outline it. Medical reform, Affordable medical law, Implementation of care adjustment as a strategy to improve hea lth and prevent re-hospitalization, and Transition from volume-based care to value-based care, interest in outpatient care environment Is rising. Current and future medical website Specialized outpatient care is a complex and multifaceted occupation that includes both independent and collaborative work.The comprehensive practice of outpatient care is based on a wide knowledge of nursing and health science and it is clinically applied to the care process Expertise: Nurses use evidence-based information at various outpatient medical facilities to achieve and secure patient safety and care quality while improving patient outcomes. In 2001, this professional occupation announced a series of outpatient care and nursing knowledge revised in 2006 for the first time. Outpatient nursing core course (AAACN, 2001). This core course is still an important and relevant resource, and many nurses use it to lead a place for outpatient clinical practice. Specialized outpatient care is a complex and m ultifaceted occupation that includes both independent and collaborative work.The comprehensive practice of outpatient care is based on a wide knowledge of nursing and health science and it is clinically applied to the care process Expertise: Nurses use evidence-based information at various outpatient medical facilities to achieve and secure patient safety and care quality while improving patient outcomes.

Leadership and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership and change - Essay Example Transformational leaders have the capability to encourage others, supporting their followers to respect and trust them. Companies require leaders who are capable of coping with this massive change, maintain day to day functions, and offer a competitive gain even at the time of downsizing. Transformational leaders can motivate and encourage their followers, uniting them for a combined cause, causing better productivity, performance, as well as job significance. The second section - Literature Review - will highlight the theories and concepts of transformational leadership. Third section will explain why transformational leadership is the appropriate approach to adopt at the time of downsizing. Fourth section will discuss the limitations of this leadership approach. Fifth section will reflect on the needs to develop the appropriate leadership skills, and sixth chapter will conclude the paper by providing the summary of the findings. The theory of transformational leadership has its origins with leadership scholar James MacGregor (Bass & Riggio, 2012). He presented the preliminary framework for the theory of transformational leadership by recognizing what he believed two opposed aspects - transactional leadership and transformational leadership (Bass & Riggio, 2012, p. 102). In transactional leadership, leaders keep a rapport with their team as a series of â€Å"exchanges or bargains† (Avolio & Yammarino, 2013, p. 82) to satisfy existing requirements. Transformational leadership bypasses the conventional form of exchanging incentives and attains preferred performance by intellectually motivating, and encouraging followers to go beyond their self-interests for a better mutual objective. Leadership has exceeded beyond the basis of simplifying the necessary performance of staff to boost the value of the productivity. Kearney & Gebert (2009) significantly developed

Fascism and the Great Depression Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fascism and the Great Depression - Assignment Example Countries who had a long tradition and history of democracy and representative government were able to persist with freedom, while countries that did not have that history were quick to abandon the parliamentary process in favor of fascism. The totalitarian governments of Germany and Italy were made possible by the creation of a political void when the depression set in. There was no long history of cooperative politics to base a future of compromise and sacrifice on. Both Germany and Italy fit this mold. Germany became an extreme form of totalitarianism with the practice of genocide and a policy of ethnic cleansing. Italy was less authoritarian in that it did not have world domination as a policy goal. However, Italy did wish to dispose of capitalism and put the power into the hands of the working class. This called for extreme measures to push their socialist agenda. Mainstream and moderate political ideas were shut out and in the process, total control was given over to the fascist rulers. The Rise of Adolph Hitler Adolph Hitler was able to rise to unquestioned authority in Germany, which resulted in one of the most brutal dictatorships in the history of the world. He was able to rise to power as a part of the Nazi party machine. The Nazis had gained popularity after World War I and the resulting sanctions that were placed on Germany at that time. The Nazi party was based on an intense feeling of nationalism and patriotism. It emphasized that the German people stood alone against the rest of the world and the true Germanic race was superior. Hitler was able to exploit these feelings when he came to power at the beginning of the Great Depression. The time was right for a strong leader and Hitler capitalized on the economic misfortunes.

Understand Person Centred Approaches Essay Example for Free

Understand Person Centred Approaches Essay Outcome 1- Understand centred approaches for care and support. T/C 1.1 + DIP 1 person centred values means the people who we have supported are able to be involved and are included in every way aspect of their care and support an example may be their needs, assessments, care and delivery + support planning. T/C 1.2 + DIP 2 Its important to work in a way that embeds person centred values because care practices should always put the people who we support at the centre of day to day activities as well as including the individuals and their families in the planning and maintaining o this. You are not there just to meet there physical needs but to maintain their sense of being a person and their identity. You should always listen to the service user, despite any difficulties understand their needs, wishes and preferences. DIP 3 Taking risks means you are able to choose and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that a concern about risk taking is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that that they thought would not be acceptable. DIP 4 individuals care plans do contribute to working in a person centred way as in their care plan it will state all of the following in a person centred way: Individuals view regarding their needs and circumstances. Read more:  Understand Person Centred Approaches Essay Priorities and needs the person considers being the most important. Individuals strengths, interests likes and dislikes.  The way the individual prefers to have their needs met.  People who are important to and contribute to the persons life and provide their support network. Outcome 2 – Understand how to implement a person centred approach in adult social care settings. T/C 2.1 + DIP 1 You can find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual is by talking to them, how they would like to live, how they like to be treated. Talk to families or advocates. Talk to professionals involved in individual’s life such as doctors or nurses. T/C 2.2+DIP 2 I would follow the principles of person centred care. This will aim to see the person as an individual rather than on their illness or abilities the may have. Person centred care also means treating the individual with dignity and respect. Individuality Rights Privacy Dignity Respect Independence. T/C 2.3 A care plan is a written document that details the day to day requirements and preferences for care and support for the individual working with person centred way, this is about promoting independence and what they need and want. When a care plan is written it involves the user what they want or need, like or dislike. That’s why the care plan contributes a person centred approach of caring. Outcome 3 Understand the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support T/C 3.1 consent is an agreement to an action, i.e. agreeing to have a bath or shower. 3.2 + DIP 1 Consent when providing care or support not only protects social care and health providers against legal challenge it also is vital because of rights of the person and the importance of recognising that people should determine when being treated with dignity and respect. Ensuring people are in an agreement with support care tasks. Also understanding the information they are given to make choices of their own. T/C 3.3 + DIP 2 to establish consent to undertake an action or activity with an individual you must insure that you: Understand the person’s needs and circumstances in a relation to capacity and decision making.

Against Legalization Of Marijuana :: marijuana should not be legal essay

One debate that keeps coming up time and again is the topic of the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug. Nearly one in three teenagers have at least tried marijuana by the time they graduate high school. It is also gets the most publicity for its legalization. Over thirty pro-legalization organizations have been displayed on the Internet alone. The legalization of marijuana , although popular by today's drug culture, would be a very dangerous and detrimental act for the United States to take part in. Not only would it destroy families, but would also lead to the fall of our economy. Pro-legalization organization argue the fact that legalization would result in the decrease of crime rates in our cities and towns, but in actuality almost eighty-two percent of all violent crime that involves drugs don't involve marijuana. The fact remains that crime would still inhabit the streets if marijuana was to be legalized. The organizations base there theory on the success that the Netherlands has had with reduction of crime due to the wide- spread legalization of marijuana. The differences between New Amsterdam and the United States is great due to a different structured economy and different cultures. This differences would prove to be the reason for their success and the United States failure. Legalization would also be very dangerous to the economy. The United States economy is a rather shaky one. The introduction of such a huge industry would be enough to crash our country into a depression. The market for marijuana would be very extensive. Between the marketing of marijuana and profit from taxes would generate would be too much for the United States to endure in. The fact that marijuana would be legal would add another thing for the people just another thing for them to spend their money on. We already have enough people on welfare and under the poverty line, this would create even more. Families would also feel the effects of a society that allows its people to live their life "high." Marijuana makes a person depressed and sometimes anti-social. This causes the decrease in communication through-out a house hold. Communication is what keep a family close and involved in each other's life. The effects of marijuana and other drugs destroys families enough now, but if it were to become legal then that number would raise and so would the number of broken homes. We are at a time when our family structure has already been destroy and where we should be working to rebuild that important aspect of life. Legalizing marijuana would not be the way to do that.

Differences between massachusetts and virginia 1607 and 1750 Essay

Both the economics and politics greatly differed between Massachusetts and Virginia between 1607 and 1750. The differences in the percentage of classes were unbelievably large and their entire economic structure differed from each other. Virginia had more risky culture and economics where-as Massachusetts had a more stable economy. The economy of Virginia was based solely on the production of tobacco. The plantation owners had to buy slaves to work the fields so the slave trade industry in Virginia was also a huge factor. The plantation owners were in the very rich, elite category and pretty much ran the politics. Virginia had a ridiculously small middle class and they barely had any say in the elections. The poor classes of Virginia were about 80%of the population and were not even allowed to vote. This made the state/colony of Virginia a very un-democratic and un-representative. There was very little cash flow in Virginia because the elite plantation owners flaunted their wealth as a display of power. This was necessary because this display of power kept the slaves and poor people of the community from revolting. The economy of Virginia was very fragile and brittle. All it would have taken was one drought or one bad tobacco year and Virginia would have been severely hurt economically. The Northern colonies, especially Massachusetts, were much more stable. There was a larger middle class of 65% and there was much more representation in politics in Massachusetts. The economy was much more stable because it didn’t only rely on one form of income. Because there were many harbors in Massachusetts there were more towns which led to the need of new professions. There included Blacksmiths, Clothing makers, Merchants, and sailors. There was also much more cash flow in Massachusetts because there was no need to flaunt wealth and a much larger middle class. Another reason for the greater amounts of cash flow was that the people that lived in Massachusetts were mostly Puritan. The Puritans believed that you should not show your wealth because it was temptation and temptation was a sin. The Puritans were extremely hard-working and that is one of the main reasons the Northern colonies were so successful. The Northern colonies and the Southern colonies differed in many ways but both succeeded in the long run. They may have had different views and completely different economies but both sides will play their own part in the revolution and eventually become one country. The Untied States of America.

Product outsourcing to Far East Enterprises Limited

In management accounting the premise of relevant costing is applied in order to evaluate business decisions. Such costing premise implies that only incremental costs and revenues pertinent to the decision at hand are considered. Past costs, commonly known as sunk costs and/or unaffected costs are irrelevant to the decision-making process. Therefore the calculations computed in Appendix A of this Report abide with the relevant costing principle noted in this paragraph.At face value, the agreed price with FEE of $395 per unit is lower than the total manufacturing costs per unit of $425. However, before rushing into any drastic conclusions it is imperative to consider the relevant costs and revenues. Further more, in this case, a particular time frame ought to be set up, because FEE is requesting a two-year contract with the company. Therefore the relevant costs and revenues have to be computed on a two-year basis.Upon assessment of the incremental costs and revenues on the two year per iod, it is outlined in Appendix A that an Incremental Loss of $8,929,280 will occur if the company appoints FEE as its supplier for this particular product. Thus it is more financially viable to make the product rather than purchase it from a supplier. The reason behind such a loss mainly rests because the buy decision will be unable to affect the general company overheads, in which a substantial portion is allocated to the GPSN Model.

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Essay Example

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Essay Example Talking Heads Alan Bennett Paper Talking Heads Alan Bennett Paper Essay Topic: Literature Talk The following text is an essay based on two of the six Talking Heads monologues written by Alan Bennett: Bed Among The Lentils and Her Big Chance. The essay attempts to explain whether anything is lost or gained by reading these plays as short stories rather than seeing performances on television or the stage. The Talking Head monologues were originally written for performance on television, though they are also available as a collection of short stories. It has been suggested that Bennett created the pieces for specific performers, all of who are, to a certain extent, associated with him. It is therefore probable that he tailored the material to suit the individual actors styles. Bed among the Lentils starred Maggie Smith as Susan, who can be thought of as a typical English actress synonymous with intelligent, straight-laced, aloof characters, i. e. Miss Brody, while Her Big Chance starred Julie Walters as Leslie, who, at that time, was best known for her ditsy, flamboyant, comic roles. Casting of this kind makes a difference to the way in which the characters are accepted by the audience. The Actors individual nuances and deliverance would have been taken into account when the plays were written and would make a vast difference to the way in which the characters are shown. Being aware of a particular Actors performance strengthens the language the character uses. It makes the language used appropriate to the characters social background and since all the pieces were intended for performance, there is a musical quality to the text, which makes it sound more effective when read aloud. Though the text also stands reasonably well as a series of short stories, the fluent language used by each individual Actor as a repetitive musical rhythm of speech, i. e. Susan with her monotone delivery and Leslie with her high-octane quality, does add to the performance. One of the features of these stories is that there is an invisible barrier between the main characters and the real world. Each person has a secret which is well hidden but never revealed or acknowledged voluntarily. Each person hides her weakness Susans alcoholism and loss of faith Lesleys promiscuity and lack of talent. Each character keeps up a pretence of normality and Bennett shows us, through the eye of the camera, how each person struggles to maintain a facade. The characters dont seem to talk to the audience, but at it. Susan, the vicars wife, tells the story of her alcoholism and rehabilitation. She feels she is trapped in a loveless marriage to an Anglican clergyman, has taken to drink and begun an affair with an Asian grocer. Initially, Susan does come across as someone who is full of contempt for sex, with her description of sex as frightful collisions, or her own sex with Geoffrey as desiccated conjunctions. This at first suggests that she is simply a woman who lacks sexual desire. However, we later discover that it is a mere lack of desire with regards to Geoffrey. Her constant reference to Rameshs wonderful legs indicates great sexual desire. We therefore have this image of Susan as an unfulfilled woman in every respect, which is enhanced by the envious tone in her voice when she notices people, on a Sunday afternoon, Living, but when she refers to Mr Ramesh it is enhanced by the smile on the Actors lips. Susan despises her husband and his loyal band of parishioners and what they stand for but her involvement in the church is so fundamental to her life that she has even started to date important events in her life by holidays and occasions in religion. She remembers sleeping with Ramesh as being the second Sunday after Trinity. This is highlighted by the Actors voice, for example, when Susan is heard to recant part of the Lords prayer it is with a musical preaching tone which had been preceded and immediately followed by a mono-tonal quality, used when she is speaking of her life. Susans appearance is a good indicator as to how she is feeling about herself and her life. When the audience first sees her she is dressed in dull, shabby clothing and has unkempt, lank hair. She makes no mention of her problem with alcohol, except by allusion, until the final scene when she reveals that she has been to Alcoholics Anonymous. Even her rehabilitation is seen by her as another religion and Geoffreys attitude to it and to her are recounted with scant affection. It is apparent by the Actors delivery that there is no love lost between Susan and Geoffrey. He is, we are told, more interested in using the experience as a means of acquiring status as an upwardly mobile parson and according to Susan, this is what is in store for them both as Geoffrey brandishes Susans hand and tells her story all over the diocese. Susan is a changed woman at the end of the story, having, for the time being, given up drinking. This is clearly visible as the character is now well dressed, clean and smart with perfect hair and makeup. She is still Mrs Vicar, but the audience is left thinking that this might not last and there is an uncertainty to her future. Her attitude has not softened at all and this is obvious in the Actors delivery, the same mono-tonal voice and blank expression. It seems that though she is well aware of her situation, she has not yet decided what to do about it and her future is unclear. Susan remains, despite her reformation, a vicars wife who has lost her faith and is still dissatisfied with her marriage and her husband. With Leslie, in Her Big Chance, it would seem that Bennett based this character on various types he had seen in theatrical auditions and we can assume that she does have a certain accuracy. This is heighten by casting Julie Walters in this role. The character is first seen on a sunbed, a pastime considered to give the appearance of health though it is widely known to actually cause health problems. Using this in the opening of the play helps to build an image of Lesley of someone who is superficial and spends a lot of time on her appearance. Lesley believes herself to be professional to her fingertips when in fact she is almost completely lacking in any talent other than taking off her clothes and sleeping with the stage-hands. The parts she has played are minor, although she believes that they are important. From the first moment, Lesley builds up her small role in her head, ignoring the obvious facts that she has the part only because of the size of her breasts and that the (possibly soft-porn) production will have only a small audience. She tries desperately to improve herself, but her efforts at collecting people result only in more casual bed partners. Bennett makes her language very luvvie, and lards her story with theatrical jargon. This is delivered brilliantly by Julie Walters who is stereotypically cast in this kind of role. Lesley has no sense of humour at all, and displays a certain amount of waspishness when other characters puncture her ego. This is heightened by the expression on the characters face that shows that she is completely unaware of the sarcasm in others voices. Her naivety is displayed by the hopeless way in which she records others put-downs, and by her failure to see how distant she is from stardom. Fed by the flattery she receives from her lovers, she has an unrealistic idea of her success. Her self confidence is immense and in fact she is very difficult to like. Bennett, however, cleverly uses enough humour to prevent us from despising Lesley and we feel at the end rather sorry for her, left alone and determined to acquire another skill so that she can offer more as a person. She says at the end of her story that acting is really just giving but what she has to give is really not worth very much at all. The awful truth is that she is a victim of the fast dollar and doesnt even know that she is being exploited. Although neither of the characters intend to be funny, Bennett makes each of them speak in ways which cause the audience to laugh either at their situations or their turn of phrase, for example, Susans account of the flower arranging session with Mrs Shrubsole or Lesleys attempt to be interesting at a party. The humour comes from the seriousness of the characters, they use what they perceive to be appropriate language to recount their stories. The audience, therefore, laughs at their situations and at their pretentious behaviour and often their ignorance within those situations. They are touching and real, and at the same time both tragic and funny and this is heightened when it can be seen on the screen.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Reflection - Essay Example I still remember when my boss Mr. Simbiel drafted a memo and gave me the mandate to spread to staff member offices and put them on the notice board. The memo never achieved purpose intended for because in had no date printed on it. I learnt the importance of scrutinizing a business document right from the plain paper to posting and even after. No detail should be left unattended to. In business field, establishing a professional relationship with clients through available meals like letters, emails and fax are key to consider. In additions, contracts are importantly documented in order to avoid disagreements from brewing. Throughout the session, I was an intern I have applied this key writing issues I learn from class and my mentors in the field and have sure achieved great results from it. Sending letters electronically and learning email etiquette came in handy because it is my area I was not well exposed to in class but had the chance to implement. Most companies have pitched tent on social platforms and it is essential as a business hopeful and intern to master the effective communication of the business in order to attract customers, maintain and meet social media terms and conditions. This includes blogging for the company and replying to customer requests on the internet via either emails, social platforms or the fax system. Using the right word during communication is important to relay a message intended across. Without which causes a false alarm. I became pray to this when an episode crept up because of wrong word use. I emailed a customer about the debt owed to the company without putting into mind the effect of the words I used. The client complained bitterly to our manager who explained soberly to the client about me and the purpose of the message and rested the case amicably. Internship in a learning session that students should take time to grasp concepts particularly the practical aspects so

New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc - Essay Example In reality, management seeks to develop a balance between product diversity and production feasibility. As markets mature and competitive pressures increase, more emphasis is given to product diversity. A challenging problem is the prediction of acceptance rates and market-development cycles. However, this cannot be done precisely at the start. But as companies gain better models and data, more precise market adjustments become possible. "If NB2E was to be successful-approaching Tompkins' goal of 100% availability within 24 hours while reducing inventory levels-manufacturing cycle times had to be dramatically reduced. These changes required complete realignment of factory operations" (Bowen et al 2008, p. 11). This pressing strategy has two sides: on the one hand it will require additional financial spending and restructuring within the company, on the other hand it will help New Balance to respond effectively to increased market pressure. "Doing this would require us to reduce work in process significantly and get the line associates and supervisors to embrace that change. The real challenge would be to keep making shoes every day while this transformation was ongoing." (Bowen et al 2008, p. 11). Product strategy is usually couched in terms of product success. However, management must be realistic about product failures -- new-product failure must be part of overall company expectations. Of course, newproduct failures can be eliminated by going out of business. But staying in business implies that new products will be developed and some will fail. Companies must determine an acceptable failure rate for their new products. Low failure rates are not always complimentary statistics, since they may indicate a lack of innovative ability and risk-taking (Crawford 2006). The second pressing strategy is structuring of supply chain. Successive channel stages attempt to overcome any discrepancy between product assortment and market requirements. Customer requirements of one or two units are at variance with supplier requirements of mass production. "In terms of manufacturing cost, labor and overhead each accounted for roughly 25% of the total, while materials accounted for the remaining 50%." (Bowen et al 2008, p. 9).Channels are thus used to overcome barriers. These barriers include the separations of time and space between producers and markets, the costs of moving goods, the communications barriers between producers and users of products, and the separation of demand. In surmounting such barriers, middlemen serve two groups -- manufacturers and customers. Their economic justification stems from performance of their functions more effectively than others. "New Balance continued to forge closer partnerships with its suppliers" (Bowen et al 2008, p. 9) . In order to improve the situation, New Balance could develop a new line of products targeted at low class consumers. The idea is to develop a product line which meets daily needs of a beverage consumer but its manufacturing process is based on professional sport shows technology and materials. In product development, for example, screening, consumer reaction,

Critically assess Lyotard's 'incredulity towards metanarratives', Essay

Critically assess Lyotard's 'incredulity towards metanarratives', - Essay Example The definition that Lyotard gave toward the incredulity toward metanarratives was based first on the postmodernist philosophies and definitions. Lyotard believed that postmodernism was creating a culture that didn’t have value, definition or understanding that moved beyond the basic theories and into other practicalities. The approach which Lyotard gave was on the inability to create a relationship between the living conditions from the main aspects of culture, specifically because the perspectives were limited to the form and the historical ideologies of the metanarrative. The opposition that Lyotard had toward the structure was based on the inability to effectively look at the cultural problems and instead use the form and the historical knowledge as a way of giving information that wasn’t legitimate (Fraser, Nicholson, 1989: 83). Another concept which Lyotard believed created incredulity to the metanarrative was based on the perspective which was given with the viewp oints taken. The historical approach, use of form and the philosophies which were given were provided for a specific audience. From the perspective of Lyotard, this immediately created boundaries because of the sociocultural audience which was interested in the narrative. At the same time, the perspective limited meaning, scientific truth, philosophies and beliefs because of the approach which was taken. The opposition which Lyotard had was based on the limiting features and the inability for the descriptions to reach a sense of philosophical meaning which was pertinent and which was enlightening to those that were looking at the metanarrative. The concept of enlightenment philosophy, according to Lyotard, held consequences when using the metanarrative as the basis (Thompson, 1993: 325). The inability to believe the metanarrative because of boundaries which were created as well as the focus of the descriptions became a way of questioning the postmodernism movement and the new ideolo gies which were in society. The question which Lyotard raised was based on the incredulity of the metanarrative because it was easier to see the illegitimacy and the socio – cultural boundaries which were created. However, the question which Lyotard raised used this only as an example of what should be considered when describing a truth and how to explain it as a truth. The deeper philosophical meaning was more pertinent to what Lyotard was looking into. The approach which he took was based on creating universal truth, specifically which creates a sense of legitimacy, as opposed to only taking a limited perspective. When looking at this particular part of the debate, it can be seen that there isn’t a focus only on this philosophy, but also with the intellectual and theoretical implications that often were limited in meaning and in truth (Hutcheon, 1989: 40). The points which Lyotard can be considered as credible with were based on the descriptions of the metanarrative, the use of deep intellect to take away from the main points and the inability to show the entire point and perspective of history or a condition. The failure which he states, specifically with the demise created because of the lack of universal understanding of a given situation is one which can easily be seen with the metanarrative

Research Strategy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Strategy Paper - Essay Example A simple definition of time management would be managing time to make the best out of it (Time Management, n.d.). Although, generally people realize the importance of time in their life but still it is one of the most common problem in peoples daily life. Time management process would include planning, organizing, staffing, directing and evaluating (The Management Process, n.d.). Research strategy simply refers to the set of strategies adopted in order to conduct the research. A research strategy regarding time management would involve all the information which need to be gathered to solve the problem of time management. If the research is conducted on basis of the work of a day, then the most important thing which would be required is the list of all the jobs that need to be done on that day. The second required information would be the time available for these jobs. The importance each job and possible time that could be allocated to each job need to be identified. According to the relative importance of each job a daily routine of work need to be prepared. Once this is prepared, information on each of the job would be required. Relative size of the job could be decide based on this information and based on assignment size sufficient time would be allocated to each of the jobs or assignment. Important information would be regarding number of individual that would be required to complete the job. Information could be gathered regarding the activity required to do the jobs. Information might also be required to find out the otherwise idle time, because this time could be utilized in doing unschedule d works. All these information could be obtained in the course of day to day activities. Once the required information are gathered, they need to be properly evaluated. These information need to be evaluated on the basis of their relative importance, validity, perspective etc. Information

Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil Justice System Law Essay

Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil Justice System Law Essay The Woolf reforms have successfully increased access to justice for litigants despite being confronted with extensive variables and multifaceted difficulties. However, the reforms have failed in some major aspects, ultimately falling victim to the notoriety and reality of legal reform. The civil justice system and the Woolf reforms will firstly be discussed, moving into an analysis of the prominent areas of the Civil Procedure Rules, with the essay concluding with an overall analysis of the reforms, exposing the reasons for its failures, in reference to the reality of the civil justice system. The Civil Justice System and the Emergence of the Woolf Reforms and Access to Justice The civil justice system has the dual function of serving the public good and acting as a private means. Its social purpose is to provide the machinery for giving effect to the rights of citizens, whilst contributing to the social and economic well being of the community and regulating the exercise of executive power under the democratic principle of the rule of law. For these purposes to be fulfilled, there must be effective access to justice with an awareness of every citizen of their rights, entitlements, obligations and responsibilities, and of the procedures for redress. The underlying basis of the Woolf reforms is therefore to ensure that the justice system provides opportunities for the public to make good their rights. An unambiguous aspiration to overhaul the justice system culminated in 1994, when the then Master of the Rolls, Lord Woolf, was appointed by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay, to assess the practices and procedures of the civil courts in England and Wales. There was a four year, all-embracing inquiry and extensive consultation process that made over three hundred recommendations designed to improve the limitations of civil litigation. There were two reports, published in June 1995 and July 1996, that revealed the findings of the wide-ranging inquiry and provided the foundation for the subsequent Civil Procedure Rules 1998. It is widely accepted that the perceived deficiencies of the civil justice system were met by proposals of radical change and the Woolf reforms were far more than a modification or clarification of the justice system. This investigation into the countrys legal system was required to maintain the integrity and political legitimacy of the system, preventing it from being brought into disrepute. The impact that the competency of a nations justice system can have on considerations such as the economy and political presence in international affairs was also recognised. This is especially the case when identifying London as a prominent dispute resolution centre in the world, attracting litigants from across the globe. The reputation of England and Wales was assessed and the pre-Woolf litigation landscape was in need of reform if this historic justice system was to maintain its standing as one of the most competent providers of justice. Findings of the Woolf Reforms The perceived deficiencies revealed by Woolfs inquiries were readily agreed by the users of the civil justice system. In essence, litigation in England and Wales was too slow, too expensive and too uncertain. These injustices were predominantly identified to be the result of the English adversarial tradition and allowing parties to assume the proactive and dominant case management role, leaving the judiciary to perform simply a reactive role. Too Slow The pre-Woolf landscape contained too much delay that crippled the efficiency of the system and provided a disincentive to those seeking to enforce their rights. This introduced an additional cause of stress, such as through making it more difficult to establish the facts and leading parties to settle for inadequate compensation.  [1]  Lord Woolf identified delay to be the direct result of the adversarial culture of litigation that lawyers practised within and thrived upon. The time taken to progress a case from an initial claim to final hearing was a matter of concern, especially in making litigation expensive. Too Expensive The ever-increasing cost of litigation was found to limit access to justice. However, for some academics, high costs do not automatically entail that low income citizens are prevented from participating in the justice process because of the existence of what Michael E. Stamp  [2]  has named the fiscal illusion, where a belief arises that legal services are becoming unaffordable because they have increased in relative price. Stamp argues that society must alter the proportion of income devoted to different goods and services and rely upon increasing the productivity of legal services to match the increasing costs rather than solely aiming to decrease costs whilst maintaining current levels of efficiency. The Woolf reforms took on the dual approach of aspiring to increase the output of the justice system and endeavouring to strip away unnecessary costs. Stamps comment is an understatement of how low income citizens are being priced out of litigation and fails to stress the importan ce of access to justice for every citizen, irrelevant of social or financial status. Despite the above debate, it is accepted that the cost of a claim is a barrier to some and a problem for all litigants  [3]  and in more direct opposition to Stamp, Sir Thomas Bingham  [4]  robustly describes costs to be a cancer eating at the heart of the administration of justice. The system was too expensive with patterns of costs being higher than the claim was worth. High costs act as a deterrent to those making and defending claims and a number of businesses say that it is often cheaper to pay up, irrespective of the merits, than to defend an action. For individual litigants the unaffordable cost of litigation constitutes a denial of justice.  [5]  The primary intention to provide justice for individuals and businesses was being undermined by the inefficient cost of the machinery. This begins to expose the cruel reality of accessing justice that will run throughout this assessment of the Woolf reforms. Too Uncertain Uncertainty for litigants was a simple but significant limitation of accessing justice arising from unpredictable costs, timings and timetabling, and the uncertainty of judicial decisions. Uncertainty constituted a strong deterrent for litigants and must not be minimised as an issue. The English Adversarial Tradition There was a definitive intention to shift the litigation culture from that of adversarialism to compromise, co-operation and settlement. Woolf described the adversarial system as likely to encourage an adversarial culture and to degenerate into an environment in which the litigation process is too often seen as a battlefield where no rules apply.  [6]  There was a determination of lawyers to manipulate court procedures, delay and disrupt the opposition counsel, increase the costs of the litigation for personal profit and impose professional protectionalism. Woolf identified that main procedural tools for conducting litigation efficiently have each become subverted from their proper purpose  [7]  and the powers of the court have fallen behind the more sophisticated and aggressive tactics of some litigators.  [8]  Lawyers were accused of abusing the disclosure of information, disputing unquestionable points, making tactical appeals and deploying tactics to drag out litigati on, thereby driving up costs. Any analysis of this tradition identifies that the burden of this abuse falls on the client. Woolf disclaimed any potential shift towards an inquisitorial system and abandoning adversarialism in its entirety, in order to maintain its benefits, such as its impartiality compared to inquisitorial techniques. The proposed reform of case management (as set out below), was therefore created to be compatible with the adversarial tradition, establishing conditions where it could survive the transfer of control from the parties to the judiciary. Conclusion on the Findings of the Woolf Reports The justice system was essentially failing the litigant, on and for whom the whole system should, in principle, focus and deliver. Fairness, speed of process, reasonable results and the availability of appropriate procedures were all found to be lacking within a system which promised all these goals. The impression of litigation is a fragmented, inefficient and incomprehensible system failing to fulfil its function and its potential, to promptly distribute affordable and certain justice. It is difficult to take issue with Lord Woolfs findings and the principles of reform that emerge from his conclusions. The reliability and diligence of the access to justice reports are uncontested and the research element of the reforms will continue to act as a valuable identification of the positives and, importantly, limitations of the civil justice system. In this facet of investigation and assessment, Woolf was undoubtedly successful. However, the means and choice of initiatives that Woolf proposed to remedy the exposed limitations are open to debate and critique, particularly when commonly identified as being radical and controversial in their nature and the direction in which they attempt to guide the justice system. Objectives of the Woolf Reforms The aims of the reforms can be condensed into one overriding objective, set out in Civil Procedure Rules 1.1, which was to increase the competency of the civil justice system to decide and deal justly the cases set before it. This includes such considerations as reducing excessive costs, ensuring cases are dealt with expeditiously, honestly and in a manner that is proportionate to their nature. This would create equal footing for parties, guaranteeing that there is a reasonable allotment of resources per case by the court. The vision of Woolf and the principles of his report were reinforced in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) which came into force on 26th April 1999. The CPR established a common set of procedures and rules for both the county courts and High Court to follow and gave effect to the three hundred plus changes, amounting to the most radical change to procedure in the last one hundred years. The Woolf reforms did not tinker with the existing system; they rewrote it.  [9]  The CPR are extensive, but some elements are considered to be more prominent than others. It is these that I will focus on in my assessment of the CPR as the implementation of the Woolf reforms. The following six elements of the CPR were, and continue to be, considered to have had the most effect on the English civil procedure. Case Management Technique Lord Woolf believed case management to be vital in solving the key problems of cost, delay and complexity, identifying that the three are interrelated and stem from the uncontrolled nature of the litigation process. In particular, there is no clear judicial responsibility for managing individual cases or for the overall administration of the civil courts.  [10]  The transfer of control from the parties to the judge was designed to improve the pace and efficiency of litigation through imposing tighter timeframes and reducing case duration. Woolf recommended that in relation to case management, the complexity of rules should be eased through modernising terminology and eliminating the distinctions between procedure and practice. Woolf not only sought to change the legal culture of the parties and their counsel, but also the role of the judiciary within an organised court service. Case management was an interventionist approach, imposing a more dominant role for the courts whilst not dismissing the English adversarial tradition in its entirety. The judiciary were equipped with wide discretionary powers, for example, imposing early trial dates and refusing any plea to delay the start of a trial. The governing role of the judge is a common aspect of other continental legal systems and its introduction constituted a shift of the English legal system towards the majority.  [11]   Positives Case management has improved access to justice through increasing the speed of litigation. This initiative determined that it was the judges rather than the lawyers who dictate pace. No longer are the larger claims allowed to fester in the do not touch drawers of solicitors filing cabinets.  [12]  Lawyers were too often judged to slow down litigation, Woolf himself regarding that in the majority of cases the reasons for delay arise from failure (by the lawyers) to progress the case efficiently, wasting time on peripheral issues or procedural skirmishing to wear down an opponent or to excuse failure to get on with the case.  [13]  Many academics view the shift in management from the lawyers to the more responsible and non-partisan judiciary to be an effective reform. For example, 98% of respondents to the 2001 Woolf Network Third Survey considered that the newly introduced Case Management Conferences worked well in their case.  [14]  The increase of discretionary power and control has meant that time-wasting and tactical applications have not been tolerated, and breaches of judicial instruction in relation to the final hearing can result in claims being struck out. Limitations It is argued that a judge does not necessarily or automatically possess the skills or know-how to manage cases competently, reducing the predictability of a claim. The concern is that competency levels are suggested to decrease down the ranks of the judiciary whilst the levels of discretion are maintained. Case management has also been argued to constitute judicial over-involvement, where lawyers who have obtained a deeper knowledge of the case are prevented from deciding how the case should progress. This not only places the responsibility irrationally with the judge, who has only briefly assessed the claim, but also could be construed as reflecting a mistrust of the professionalism of counsel to the dispute. Case management is predicted to fail as a permanent solution because the institution of judicial case management represents a one-time productivity increase where the immediate effect may be lower costs of obtaining justice, but, over the long run, the cost savings will evaporate as a direct result of the cost disease.  [15]  This educated prediction of unavoidable failure of case management, and the Woolf reforms and CPR as a whole, must be treated with care, because it is in essence a prediction. However, this calculated forecast of the reform process suggests a negative outcome of case management that cannot be ignored. The necessary technological advances within the system have also been insufficient to support the implementation of case management. The increased judicial use of computers and telephone conferences, the acceptability of email correspondence in many courts and the advantage of claims beginning online, have all been beneficial, but this is the limit of any technological input. This is not due to the lack of technology available, but rather the justice system barely tapping into the phenomenal potential of technology. It is characteristically a lack of resources and allocated funds that have limited the use of technology, thereby failing to adequately complement the reforms. Conclusion It is apparent that there should not be an outright restoration of the responsibility to manage cases back to the parties and their lawyers. The wholesale rejection of judicial case management does not emanate from a fair evaluation of an initiative that has speeded up litigation and, as a direct result, decreased costs. There must be a reassessment of this reform, with the aim of improving the ability of the judiciary to effectively administer and control cases, essentially through a development of training judges in management techniques. In combination with this training, it is vital that there is an increase in the availability of technological support. This initiative seems to be a clear example of the dangers of such an interventionist approach. Pre-Action Protocols Pre-action protocols constitute strict procedures and sensible codes of practice which are dependent upon the facts and nature of a case, which parties when confronted with the prospect of litigation are expected to follow. The original two protocols in the CPR, for example, concerned personal injury and clinical negligence respectively. The aim overall was to encourage the early settlement of claims and avoid litigation, such as through an early exchange of full information of the dispute. The protocols follow a similar pattern as the encouragement to participate in alternative dispute resolution, in that compliance with the protocols is not compulsory, but an unreasonable refusal to participate will affect the awarding of costs. Positives The success of the pre-action protocols is clear from their expansion from the original two to the current ten, in March 2010. The protocols have increased the structure and organisation of claims, creating certainty for litigants of the pre-trial steps that they are expected to take, such as the effort to settle. This sequentially has stimulated increased levels of dispute resolution and early settlement through the improvement of the pre-action investigation, earlier exchange of information and the enhancement of the relationship and understanding between parties through more pre-action contact. The protocols have also been credited with ensuring that disputes which are litigated are done so on the foundation of detailed preparation and consideration. Further positives include the decrease of nuisance ill-founded claims and the success of the attached code, which categorises disputes which do not fall within the protocols. Limitations The protocols have been criticised solely for their burden and lengthy requirements. The obligation to perform tasks such as writing letters, disclosing information and exchanging expert reports all combine to duplicate the process of the claim to follow. A dispute is essentially fought twice, unnecessarily increasing time and costs. Conclusion The protocols were a strong success only falling foul in the adverse effect of the burden of administration. They represent the strength of the reforms and suggest that radical reform can be effective if implemented correctly. The Track System Under case management, a track system was proposed to assign different procedures to different cases that are separated on the merits of complexity and financial value. The CPR classifies cases into one of the three tracks of small claims, fast track and multi-track.  [16]  The small claims track is for cases of less than  £5,000 in value and the fast track including claims that are more valuable than  £5,000, but fall below  £15,000, or that fail to fit within the small claims criteria. Fast track cases are deemed to be simpler disputes, and on a slight variation, include landlord-tenant disputes and personal injury cases that are valued between  £1,000 and  £5,000. The multi-track includes all the cases over  £15,000 that fail to be placed in the fast track and small claims. Positives The fast track arrangements have been successful in having cases heard quicker, with it being claimed that this guarantees a final hearing within 30 weeks from soon after the defence has been sent to court.  [17]  The track system overall is merited for recognising that cases of different size and complexity should be dealt with in different ways with it having been noted that the criticism that such distinctions will condemn many claimants of small sums to second class justice is wholly misconceived.  [18]  This initiative has increased certainty of timetabling and improves efficiency by ensuring that judicial time is spent proportionately to the issues in claims. Limitations The track system is highly controversial because of its technique of the early classification and has struggled to contend with the extensive variables that determine the costs awarded to a party.  [19]  The most influential variable that has hindered success is the unpredictability of the length of a dispute.  [20]  In some cases it is close to impossible to balance and account for variables, such as complexity and financial value, in the early stages of a case. The track system must also contend with all the disadvantages of going to court, regardless of which track, including the common problems of cost and time. Conclusion The immediate defence of the track system that the analysis and clarification of costs is an ambitious and difficult task is not sufficient to excuse its failure. The system has fallen victim to the overload of variables and has failed to present itself as a competent antidote and controller of excessive costs. This initiative is a disappointment and current calls for its removal are justified. The concerns of the track system once again support the use of Alternate Dispute Resolution processes to reach a settlement, rather than proceed to trial. Costs Most of the descriptive guidelines of the overriding objective set out in the CPR concern the costs of litigation. High costs are often magnified by the issue of delay which acts as drag or friction upon the economy by reducing the ability of individuals and corporations to increase productivity and fully utilise capital.  [21]  At a minimum, costs must be more predictable and affordable, despite the difficulties of quantifying and identifying the sources of abstract costs not directly related to the litigation process. The objective must be reducing delay that creates excessive costs and constructing an initiative to reduce any influx in costs if a claim is inhibited by delay. The general rule of costs that the losing party must pay those of the successful party still remains. However, CPR 44.3 has modified this long-standing rule by introducing exceptions to it and giving the court discretion in the allocation of costs in certain cases. The rules of paying costs also can require the losing party to pay on account before the final sum of costs is decided by the court. This scheme, coupled with the ability to order costs or a proportion of costs which have been summarily assessed to be paid within fourteen days has established in todays litigation system a concept of what one learned commentator has described as pay as you go system for costs.  [22]  The early and continuous payment of costs promotes early settlement as the parties assess their cases earlier and can make calculations as to whether their costs will exceed their revenue. This scheme communicates the reality of a claim directly to the parties, encouraging them to rationally manage their fi nances and clarify and target their personal goals within the claim. Parties also have an incentive to adopt a more co-operative approach because of the threat of court imposed financial penalties for unreasonable conduct. This is an example of the court utilising a more forceful, realistic and arguably manipulative technique in the practical application of a reform through costs. Positives Michael Bacon identified that several long established principles relating to legal costs have either been modified or disappeared completely as a result of the Woolf reforms, and one or two totally new concepts and procedures have been introduced.  [23]  This dramatic reform has increased the predictability and certainty of costs and balanced unequal financial means between litigants through orders for the party with greater financial resources, but with the weaker case, to pay interim costs. There has also been increased enforcement of procedural rules, and action taken in respect of unreasonable conduct, by the court through automatic costs sanctions. Limitations The new costs regime has been criticised predominantly for failing to sufficiently reduce and control costs. Costs have been front loaded and perceived decreases in costs have been shown to be cancelled out by adverse effects of other reforms. In addition, cost sanctions have been criticised for being oppressive and punitive instead of preventing non-compliance with court convention. Conclusion Costs have not been successfully reduced and only minor reductions can be identified. The reasoning that costs are difficult to control because of their dependence upon a high number of variables, and the reality that there cannot be a sole recommendation targeting the financial burdens of litigation, are not justification for the failure of a multifaceted scheme designed to reduce costs. The only positive is that the emphasis on costs has raised the profile and importance of costs overall. This awareness has instigated a new outlook on reducing costs that may develop into a culture. The costs scheme constitutes the major criticism of the reforms overall. Alternative Dispute Resolution Reform of the justice system was required to promote more cases to an earlier, controlled settlement as opposed to an untidy, pressured one at the door of the court. The encouragement for early settlement follows Woolfs vision of litigation as the last resort for disputing parties, with the view that any settlement is better than proceeding to trial. This has allowed alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to take a fundamental role, and information on the sources of ADR is provided at all civil courts and legal aid funding is made available for ADR processes. ADR is the umbrella term for a group of techniques used to solve disputes other than through the traditional court adjudication. However, proceedings should not be issued or commenced if settlement is still being explored. The competency of the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR) which nominates mediators, liaises with both parties and prepares the mediation agreement, also became relevant. In theory, ADR prevents the limitations of the court process from proceeding to fruition. If a claim is settled in mediation, the costs, complexity, adversarialism, time and ineffectiveness of the court procedure are all circumvented. The reduction of cases progressing to trial also reduces the burden on the courts, allows for a more efficient and better resourced procedure and, ultimately, better access to justice. The court was therefore equipped with the power to direct parties to attempt ADR under CPR 26.4 and to order a months postponement, facilitating parties to secure a settlement. In combination with ADR processes, offers to settle, known as Part 36 offers, provide yet another stimulus to settle before court action. Part 36 offers departed from the traditional structure of settlement, allowing both the claimant and defendant to make an offer to settle before the issuing of the claim or during the actual proceedings. If an offer has been made then this will be taken into consideration by the court when awarding costs. Positives There has been a clear cultural change and increased numbers of settlements through the vigorous promotion of ADR. There now exists a regime that encourages and obliges parties and their lawyers to consider settlement and utilise ADR processes. The largely aggressive adversarial behaviour associated with disputes has been softened with a more co-operative and collaborative approach. This culture immediately decreased the number of claims reaching court, with a 19.6% fall in the number of proceedings issued from 2000 to 2001 in the Queens Bench Division.  [24]  ADR has offered willing litigants the opportunity to participate in a quicker, cheaper and more specific and flexible technique for resolving their dispute. ADR also has many personal advantages for the participants as it can be creative, reduce stress and repair relationships. Limitations The essential limitation of ADR is its reliance upon the original participation in mediation. A settlement then relies upon the facts of a case and the parties approach to ADR. Many parties take a half-hearted approach to mediation and have no real intention to negotiate for a settlement. They intend instead to avoid the financial implications of unreasonably refusing to mediate. It is argued that as a result of both failed settlement attempts and indifferent participation in mediation, ADR does not necessarily reduce costs. Mandatory mediation is argued to constitute the greatest failure of ADR. Professor Dame Hazel Genn,  [25]  through the voluntary pilot mediation scheme of the Central London County Court (CLCC), identified that the Woolf reforms have motivated parties to mediate in order to avoid financial penalties for unreasonable refusal and create the appearance of following judicial direction. There was also the 2004 Automatic Referral to Mediation Scheme (ARMS) run at CLCC, where one hundred cases a month were selected at random and sent to mediation before any court hearing. Parties unwilling to partici